A recent McKinsey report, The World at Work: Jobs, pay, and skills for 3.5 billion people, speaks of a “mismatch between jobs and graduates”. The study claims that, although there are 75 million unemployed young people globally, 39% of employers state that difficulties exist in filling vacancies for skilled labour.
The European Commission, in its recently published Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2012 report, also speaks of a skills mismatch challenge.
Countries increasingly understand that the immigration of skilled people is not always effective, and for that reason international students have become an attractive group of prospective skilled immigrants.
Where in the past OECD countries had an open mind about receiving international students in general and even subsidised their education, currently one can observe a shift in Europe towards encouragement of a more controlled immigration of international students by focusing on talents and measures to increase their stay rate.
The Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden have introduced full cost fees for non-EU students and at the same time developed scholarship schemes to selectively target talent and create opportunities to stay after graduation. The Finnish parliament is discussing whether to follow that example.
The pattern of low-skilled immigration from the so-called South to the North, of the past century, has been replaced by a need for highly skilled migrants.
Over the past decades several countries have made it more attractive for highly skilled people to come and work while at the same time restricting immigration of lower skilled people. They have developed post-study job-search schemes, allowing international students to stay in the country after graduation for the purpose of job seeking, and reduced restrictions on work during and after studies and on visa and residence regulations.
For example, the British home secretary, stating that the government is committed to encouraging the brightest minds to come to study in the UK, recently announced that PhD students would be allowed to stay in the UK for 12 months following the completion of their studies, in order to find skilled work or set up as entrepreneurs. And there will be a further 1,000 visa places available each year for MBA graduates who want to stay in Britain and set up their own businesses.
With these and other measures, the British government has reintroduced incentives that had been cancelled in recent years and had made the UK less attractive to international students and skilled immigrants.
The percentage of international students who stay after graduation in the country of study – the ‘stay rate’ – is on average 25% for OECD countries, whereas the regional and local alumni retention rate in general is 60% for all graduates and 70% for masters and doctoral graduates. So, there is room for improvement.
The benefits of an increased stay rate are clear. As Australian expert Lesleyannne Hawthorne, in a chapter of the SAGE Handbook of International Higher Education, states on the subject of those who stay on after graduating: “They confront few of the barriers experienced by foreign-trained professionals, in terms of host country language ability, qualification recognition, or acculturation.
“Their productive lives will be longer, given their youth at point of enrolment. They present a palatable option for countries with ambivalent views on migration, in a context where demographic contraction is fuelling demand.”
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